# Efficient live full disk backup

## Overview

Live full disk backups are preferred in many scenarios, despite their space requirements. The following outlines an efficient method to do that using libvirt's APIs. This method involves concepts: the notion of backing chains, QCOW2 overlays, and a special operation called "active block-commit", which allows live-merging an overlay disk image into its backing file.

## Two kinds of backup: "push" and "pull"

QEMU and libvirt combine the concept of bitmaps and network block device (NBD) to allow copying out modified data blocks. There are two approaches to it: In the first, "push mode", when a user requests for it, libvirt creates a full backup in an external location (i.e. libvirt "pushes" the data to the target).

In the other, "pull mode", libvirt (in coordination with QEMU) exposes the data that needs to be written out and allows a third-party tool to copy them out reliably (i.e. the data is being "pulled" from libvirt). The pull-based backup provides more flexibility by letting an external tool fetch the modified bits as it sees fit, rather than waiting on libvirt to push out a full backup to a target location.

The push- and pull-mode techniques also apply for differential backups (it also includes incremental backups), which track what has changed since any given backup.

This document covers only the full backups using the "push" mode.

## Full disk backup using "push" mode

The below approach uses the modern backup API, virDomainBackupBegin(). This requires libvirt-7.2.0 and QEMU-4.2, or higher versions.

1. Start the guest:

       $> virsh start vm1
       Domain 'vm1' started

2. Enumerate the disk(s) in use:

       $> virsh domblklist vm1
        Target   Source
       --------------------------------------
        vda      /var/lib/libvirt/images/vm1.qcow2

3. Begin the backup:

       $> virsh backup-begin vm1
       Backup started

4. Check the job status ("None" means the job has likely completed):

       $> virsh domjobinfo vm1
       Job type:         None

5. Check the completed job status:

       $> virsh domjobinfo vm1 --completed
       Job type:         Completed
       Operation:        Backup
       Time elapsed:     183          ms
       File processed:   39.250 MiB
       File remaining:   0.000 B
       File total:       39.250 MiB

6. Now we see the copy of the backup:

       $> ls -lash /var/lib/libvirt/images/vm1.qcow2*
       15M -rw-r--r--. 1 qemu qemu 15M May 10 12:22 vm1.qcow2
       21M -rw-------. 1 root root 21M May 10 12:23 vm1.qcow2.1620642185

## Full backup with older libvirt versions

This is the alternative in case you cannot use libvirt-7.2.0 and QEMU-4.2 for some reason. But this assumes you're using at least QEMU 2.1 and libvirt-1.2.9.

This backup approach is slightly more involved, and predates the virDomainBackupBegin() API: Assuming a guest with a single disk image, create a temporary live QCOW2 overlay (commonly called as "external snapshot") to track the live guest writes. Then backup the original disk image while the guest (live QEMU) keeps writing to the temporary overlay. Finally, perform the "active block-commit" operation to live-merge the temporary overlay disk contents into the original image — i.e. the backing file — and "pivot" the live QEMU process to point to it.

1. Start with a guest with a single disk image, base.raw, which is where the live QEMU is pointing at, and recording the guest writes:

       base.raw (live QEMU)

2. List the current block device(s) in use:

       $ virsh domblklist vm1
       Target     Source
       ------------------------------------------------
       vda        /var/lib/libvirt/images/base.raw

3. Create the live "external disk snapshot" (or more correctly, "an overlay"):

       $ virsh snapshot-create-as --domain vm1 overlay1 \
           --diskspec vda,file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/overlay1.qcow2 \
           --disk-only

   The disk image chain looks as follows:

       base.raw <-- overlay1.qcow2 (live QEMU)

> Note

> Above, if you have QEMU guest agent installed in your virtual machine, use the --quiesce option with virsh snapshot-create-as [...] to ensure you have a consistent disk state.

> Optionally, you can also supply the --no-metadata option to virsh snapshot-create-as to tell libvirt not track the snapshot metadata. Otherwise, when you decide to merge snapshot overlays, you have to explicitly clean the libvirt metadata using virsh snapshot-delete vm1 --metadata [name|--current].

1. Now, take a backup the original image, base.raw, to a different location using cp or rsync:

       $ cp /var/lib/libvirt/images/base.raw
           /export/backups/copy1_base.raw

       # Or:

       $ rsync -avhW --progress /var/lib/libvirt/images/base.raw \
           /export/backups/copy1_base.raw

2. Enumerate the current block device(s) in use, again. Notice that the current disk image in use is the above-created overlay, overlay1.qcow2:

       $ virsh domblklist vm1
       Target     Source
       ------------------------------------------------
       vda        vda,file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/overlay1.qcow2

3. Once the backup of the original image completes, now perform the "active block-commit" to live-merge the contents of overlay1.qcow2 into base.raw and pivot the live QEMU back to the original:

       $ virsh blockcommit vm1 vda --active --verbose --pivot

4. After the above operation completes, again list the current block device(s) in use. And notice that the live QEMU is now writing to the original base image:

       $ virsh domblklist vm1
       Target     Source
       ------------------------------------------------
       vda        /var/lib/libvirt/images/base.raw

The final updated disk image "chain" will be a single consolidated disk:

    [base.raw] (live QEMU)

Now you can safely discard the overlay image, overlay1.qcow2 — it is no longer valid; and its contents are now fully merged into the base image.