INTEG(3)

NAME
PDL::GSL::INTEG - PDL interface to numerical integration routines in GSL

DESCRIPTION
This is an interface to the numerical integration package present in the GNU Scientific Library, which is an implementation of QUADPACK.

Functions are named gslinteg_{algorithm} where {algorithm} is the QUADPACK naming convention. The available functions are:

gslinteg_qng: Non-adaptive Gauss-Kronrod integration
gslinteg_qag: Adaptive integration
gslinteg_qags: Adaptive integration with singularities
gslinteg_qagp: Adaptive integration with known singular points
gslinteg_qagi: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (-\infty,\infty)
gslinteg_qagiu: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (la,\infty)
gslinteg_qagil: Adaptive integration on infinite interval of the form (-\infty,lb)
gslinteg_qawc: Adaptive integration for Cauchy principal values
gslinteg_qaws: Adaptive integration for singular functions
gslinteg_qawo: Adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
gslinteg_qawf: Adaptive integration for Fourier integrals

Each algorithm computes an approximation to the integral, I, of the function f(x)w(x), where w(x) is a weight function (for general integrands w(x)=1). The user provides absolute and relative error bounds (epsabs,epsrel) which specify the following accuracy requirement:

|RESULT - I| <= max(epsabs, epsrel |I|)

The routines will fail to converge if the error bounds are too stringent, but always return the best approximation obtained up to that stage

All functions return the result, and estimate of the absolute error and an error flag (which is zero if there were no problems). You are responsible for checking for any errors, no warnings are issued unless the option {Warn => 'y'} is specified in which case the reason of failure will be printed.

You can nest integrals up to 20 levels. If you find yourself in the unlikely situation that you need more, you can change the value of 'max_nested_integrals' in the first line of the file 'FUNC.c' and recompile.

NOMENCLATURE
Throughout this documentation we strive to use the same variables that are present in the original GSL documentation (see See Also). Oftentimes those variables are called "a" and "b". Since good Perl coding practices discourage the use of Perl variables $a and $b, here we refer to Parameters "a" and "b" as $pa and $pb, respectively, and Limits (of domain or integration) as $la and $lb.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

SYNOPSIS
   use PDL;
   use PDL::GSL::INTEG;

   my $la = 1.2;
   my $lb = 3.7;
   my $epsrel = 0;
   my $epsabs = 1e-6;

   # Non adaptive integration
   my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,$epsabs);
   # Warnings on
   my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,$epsabs,{Warn=>'y'});

   # Adaptive integration with warnings on
   my $limit = 1000;
   my $key = 5;
   my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&myf,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
                                     $epsabs,$limit,$key,{Warn=>'y'});

   sub myf{
     my ($x) = @_;
     return exp(-$x**2);
   }
#line 133 "INTEG.pm"

FUNCTIONS

  qng_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();
                   double epsrel(); double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();
                   int [o] neval(); int [o] ierr(); int gslwarn(); SV* function)

info not available

qng_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qag_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
                   int key(); double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qag_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qags_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qags_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qagp_meat
  Signature: (double pts(l); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qagp_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qagi_meat
  Signature: (double epsabs();double epsrel(); int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr(); int n(); int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qagi_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qagiu_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qagiu_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qagil_meat
  Signature: (double b(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qagil_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qawc_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b(); double c(); double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                   double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qawc_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qaws_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b();double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                 double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
                 double alpha(); double beta(); int mu(); int nu();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qaws_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qawo_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double b();double epsabs();double epsrel();int limit();
                 double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
                 int sincosopt(); double omega(); double L(); int nlevels();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qawo_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  qawf_meat
  Signature: (double a(); double epsabs();int limit();
                 double [o] result(); double [o] abserr();int n();
                 int sincosopt(); double omega(); int nlevels();int [o] ierr();int gslwarn();; SV* function)

info not available

qawf_meat does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.

  gslinteg_qng - Non-adaptive Gauss-Kronrod integration
This function applies the Gauss-Kronrod 10-point, 21-point, 43-point and 87-point integration rules in succession until an estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. It is meant for fast integration of smooth functions. It returns an array with the result, an estimate of the absolute error, an error flag and the number of function evaluations performed.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng($function_ref,$la,$lb,
                                             $epsrel,$epsabs,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

   my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&f,0,1,0,1e-9);
   # with warnings on
   my ($res,$abserr,$ierr,$neval) = gslinteg_qng(\&f,0,1,0,1e-9,{Warn => 'y'});

   sub f{
     my ($x) = @_;
     return ($x**2.6)*log(1.0/$x);
   }

  gslinteg_qag - Adaptive integration
This function applies an integration rule adaptively until an estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. On each iteration the adaptive integration strategy bisects the interval with the largest error estimate; the maximum number of allowed subdivisions is given by the parameter $limit. The integration rule is determined by the value of $key, which has to be one of (1,2,3,4,5,6) and correspond to the 15, 21, 31, 41, 51 and 61 point Gauss-Kronrod rules respectively. It returns an array with the result, an estimate of the absolute error and an error flag.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag($function_ref,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
                                      $epsabs,$limit,$key,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,1);
  # with warnings on
  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qag(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,1,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
     my ($x) = @_;
     return ($x**2.6)*log(1.0/$x);
   }

  gslinteg_qags - Adaptive integration with singularities
This function applies the Gauss-Kronrod 21-point integration rule adaptively until an estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The algorithm is such that it accelerates the convergence of the integral in the presence of discontinuities and integrable singularities. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags($function_ref,$la,$lb,$epsrel,
                                       $epsabs,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qags(\&f,0,1,0,1e-10,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
     my ($x) = @_;
     return ($x)*log(1.0/$x);
   }

  gslinteg_qagp - Adaptive integration with known singular points
This function applies the adaptive integration algorithm used by gslinteg_qags taking into account the location of singular points until an estimate of the integral of f over ($la,$lb) is achieved within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. Singular points are supplied in the ndarray $points, whose endpoints determine the integration range. So, for example, if the function has singular points at x_1 and x_2 and the integral is desired from a to b (a < x_1 < x_2 < b), $points = pdl(a,x_1,x_2,b). The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp($function_ref,$points,$epsabs,
                                       $epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}])

Example:

  my $points = pdl(0,1,sqrt(2),3);
  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp(\&f,$points,0,1e-3,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagp(\&f,$points,0,1e-3,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    my $x2 = $x**2;
    my $x3 = $x**3;
    return $x3 * log(abs(($x2-1.0)*($x2-2.0)));
  }

  gslinteg_qagi - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval (-\infty,+\infty) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod rule is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi($function_ref,$epsabs,
                                       $epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi(\&myfn,1e-7,0,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagi(\&myfn,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub myfn{
    my ($x) = @_;
    return exp(-$x - $x*$x) ;
  }

  gslinteg_qagiu - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval (la,+\infty) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod rule is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu($function_ref,$la,$epsabs,
                                        $epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my $alfa = 1;
  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu(\&f,99.9,1e-7,0,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagiu(\&f,99.9,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    if (($x==0) && ($alfa == 1)) {return 1;}
    if (($x==0) && ($alfa > 1)) {return 0;}
    return ($x**($alfa-1))/((1+10*$x)**2);
  }

  gslinteg_qagil - Adaptive integration on infinite interval
This function estimates the integral of the function f over the infinite interval (-\infty,lb) within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. After a transformation, the algorithm of gslinteg_qags with a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod rule is used. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagl($function_ref,$lb,$epsabs,
                                       $epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagil(\&myfn,1.0,1e-7,0,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qagil(\&myfn,1.0,1e-7,0,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub myfn{
    my ($x) = @_;
    return exp($x);
  }

  gslinteg_qawc - Adaptive integration for Cauchy principal values
This function computes the Cauchy principal value of the integral of f over (la,lb), with a singularity at c, I = \int_{la}^{lb} dx f(x)/(x - c). The integral is estimated within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc($function_ref,$la,$lb,$c,$epsabs,$epsrel,$limit)

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc(\&f,-1,5,0,0,1e-3,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawc(\&f,-1,5,0,0,1e-3,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    return 1.0 / (5.0 * $x * $x * $x + 6.0) ;
  }

  gslinteg_qaws - Adaptive integration for singular functions
The algorithm in gslinteg_qaws is designed for integrands with algebraic-logarithmic singularities at the end-points of an integration region. Specifically, this function computes the integral given by I = \int_{la}^{lb} dx f(x) (x-la)^alpha (lb-x)^beta log^mu (x-la) log^nu (lb-x). The integral is estimated within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) =
      gslinteg_qawc($function_ref,$alpha,$beta,$mu,$nu,$la,$lb,
                    $epsabs,$epsrel,$limit,[{Warn => $warn}]);

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qaws(\&f,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1e-7,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qaws(\&f,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    if($x==0){return 0;}
    else{
      my $u = log($x);
      my $v = 1 + $u*$u;
      return 1.0/($v*$v);
    }
  }

  gslinteg_qawo - Adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
This function uses an adaptive algorithm to compute the integral of f over (la,lb) with the weight function sin(omega*x) or cos(omega*x) -- which of sine or cosine is used is determined by the parameter $opt ('cos' or 'sin'). The integral is estimated within the desired absolute and relative error limits, $epsabs and $epsrel. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawo($function_ref,$omega,$sin_or_cos,
                                $la,$lb,$epsabs,$epsrel,$limit,[opt])

Example:

  my $PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338328;
  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = PDL::GSL::INTEG::gslinteg_qawo(\&f,10*$PI,'sin',0,1,0,1e-7,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = PDL::GSL::INTEG::gslinteg_qawo(\&f,10*$PI,'sin',0,1,0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    if($x==0){return 0;}
    else{ return log($x);}
  }

  gslinteg_qawf - Adaptive integration for Fourier integrals
This function attempts to compute a Fourier integral of the function f over the semi-infinite interval [la,+\infty). Specifically, it attempts tp compute I = \int_{la}^{+\infty} dx f(x)w(x), where w(x) is sin(omega*x) or cos(omega*x) -- which of sine or cosine is used is determined by the parameter $opt ('cos' or 'sin'). The integral is estimated within the desired absolute error limit $epsabs. The maximum number of allowed subdivisions done by the adaptive algorithm must be supplied in the parameter $limit.

Please check the GSL documentation for more information.

Usage:

  gslinteg_qawf($function_ref,$omega,$sin_or_cos,$la,$epsabs,$limit,[opt])

Example:

  my ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawf(\&f,$PI/2.0,'cos',0,1e-7,1000);
  # with warnings on
  ($res,$abserr,$ierr) = gslinteg_qawf(\&f,$PI/2.0,'cos',0,1e-7,1000,{Warn => 'y'});

  sub f{
    my ($x) = @_;
    if ($x == 0){return 0;}
    return 1.0/sqrt($x)
  }

BUGS
Feedback is welcome. Log bugs in the PDL bug database (the database is always linked from <http://pdl.perl.org>).

SEE ALSO
PDL

The GSL documentation for numerical integration is online at <https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/doc/html/integration.html>

AUTHOR
This file copyright (C) 2003,2005 Andres Jordan <ajordan@eso.org> All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software documentation under certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file.

The GSL integration routines were written by Brian Gough. QUADPACK was written by Piessens, Doncker-Kapenga, Uberhuber and Kahaner.