- Qt 6.4
- Qt Quick 3D
- QML Types
- PrincipledMaterial
- Qt Quick 3D | Commercial or GPLv3

# PrincipledMaterial QML Type

Lets you define a material for 3D items using the metal/roughness workflow. More...

Import Statement: | import QtQuick3D
Inherits: | Material

- List of all members, including inherited members

## Properties

- alphaCutoff : real
- alphaMode : enumeration
- attenuationColor : color
- attenuationDistance : float
- baseColor : color
- baseColorMap : Texture
- blendMode : enumeration
- clearcoatAmount : float
- clearcoatChannel : enumeration
- clearcoatMap : Texture
- clearcoatNormalMap : Texture
- clearcoatRoughnessAmount : float
- clearcoatRoughnessChannel : enumeration
- clearcoatRoughnessMap : Texture
- emissiveFactor : vector3d
- emissiveMap : Texture
- heightAmount : real
- heightChannel : enumeration
- heightMap : Texture
- indexOfRefraction : real
- lighting : enumeration
- lineWidth : real
- maxHeightMapSamples : int
- metalness : real
- metalnessChannel : enumeration
- metalnessMap : Texture
- minHeightMapSamples : int
- normalMap : Texture
- normalStrength : real
- occlusionAmount : real
- occlusionChannel : enumeration
- occlusionMap : Texture
- opacity : real
- opacityChannel : enumeration
- opacityMap : Texture
- pointSize : real
- roughness : real
- roughnessChannel : enumeration
- roughnessMap : Texture
- specularAmount : real
- specularMap : Texture
- specularReflectionMap : Texture
- specularTint : real
- thicknessChannel : enumeration
- thicknessFactor : float
- thicknessMap : Texture
- transmissionChannel : enumeration
- transmissionFactor : float
- transmissionMap : Texture

## Detailed Description

Before a Model can be rendered in a scene, it must have at least one material attached to it that describes how the mesh should be shaded. The PrincipledMaterial is a PBR metal/roughness material that aims at being an easy to use material with a minimal set of parameters. In addition to having few parameters, all input values are strictly normalized between 0 and 1 and have sensible defaults, meaning even without changing any values, the material can be used to shader a model. For an introduction on how the different properties of the principled material affects how a model is shaded, see the Principled Material example.

## Metal/Roughness workflow

The Principled material is what's known as a metal/roughness material, in essence that means the main characteristics of the material is controlled through the metallness, roughness, and the base color property.

### Metalness

Real world materials are put into two main categories, metals and dielectrics (non-metals). In the Principled material, the category a material belongs to is decided by the `metalness` value. Setting the `metalness` value to 0, means the material is a dialectric, while everything above 0 is a considered to be a metal. In reality metals will have a `metalness` value of 1, but values between 0 and 1 are possible, and usually used for metals with reduced reflectance. For example, to render corrosion, or similar, on a material, the `metalness` of the material should be reduced to give the output properties more similar to a dielectric material. Since the `metalness` value affects the reflectance of the material it might be tempting to use the metalness to adjust glossiness, but consider what type of material you want to describe first. Increasing the `metalness` value to give a dielectric material a more polished look, will introduce properties that are not accurate for a dielectric material, so consider if it would be more appropriate to adjust, for example, the `roughness` value instead.

### Roughness

The `roughness` of a material describes the condition of an object's surface. A low `roughness` value means the object has a smooth surface and therefore be more reflective then a material with a higher `roughness` value.

### Base color

The base color of a metal/roughness material contains both the diffuse and the specular data, how much the base color is interpreted as one or the other is primarily dictated by the `metalness` value. For example, a material with a metalness value of 1, will have most of its base color interpreted as specular color, while the diffuse color would be a black tint. The opposite would happen for a material with a metalness value of 0. This is of course a bit simplified, but gives a rough idea how the base color and `metalness` value interacts. For those more familiar with a Specular/Glossiness workflow, there's a clear difference here which is worth noting, namely that the color data of the two materials are not directly compatible, since in a Specular/Glossiness material, the diffuse and specular color comes from separate inputs.

## Property Documentation

alphaCutoff : real

The alphaCutoff property can be used to specify the cutoff value when using the Mask alphaMode. Fragments where the alpha value falls below the threshold will be rendered fully transparent (`0.0` for all color channels). When the alpha value is equal or greater than the cutoff value, the color will not be affected in any way.

The default value is 0.5.

See also alphaMode.

alphaMode : enumeration

This property specifies how the alpha color value from baseColor and the alpha channel of a base color map are used.

Note: The alpha cutoff test only considers the base color alpha. opacity and Node::opacity are not taken into account there.

Note: When sampling a base color map, the effective alpha value is the sampled alpha multiplied by the baseColor alpha.

Constant | Description
--- | ---

`PrincipledMaterial.Default`

No test is applied, the effective alpha value is passed on as-is. Note that a baseColor or baseColorMap alpha less than `1.0` does not automatically imply alpha blending, the object with the material may still be treated as opaque, if no other relevant properties (such as, an opacity less than 1, the presence of an opacity map, or a non-default blendMode value) trigger treating the object as semi-transparent. To ensure alpha blending happens regardless of any other object or material property, set `Blend` instead.

`PrincipledMaterial.Blend` | No cutoff test is applied, but guarantees that alpha blending happens. The object with this material will therefore never be treated as opaque by the renderer.

`PrincipledMaterial.Opaque`

No cutoff test is applied and the rendered object is assumed to be fully opaque, meaning the alpha values in the vertex color, base color, and base color map are ignored and a value of 1.0 is substituted instead. This mode does not guarantee alpha blending does not happen. If relevant properties (such as, an opacity less than 1, an opacity map, or a non-default blendMode) say so, then the object will still be treated as semi-transparent by the rendering pipeline, just like with the `Default` alphaMode.

`PrincipledMaterial.Mask`

A test based on alphaCutoff is applied. If the effective alpha value falls below alphaCutoff, the fragment is changed to fully transparent and is discarded (with all implications of discarding: the depth buffer is not written for that fragment). Otherwise the alpha is changed to 1.0, so that the fragment will become fully opaque. When it comes to alpha blending, the behavior of this mode is identical to `Opaque`, regardless of the cutoff test's result. This means that the glTF 2 spec's alpha coverage Implementation Notes are fulfilled. Objects with alpha cutoff tests can also cast shadows since they behave like opaque objects by default, unless the relevant properties (such as, an opacity less than 1, an opacity map, or a non-default blendMode) imply otherwise (in which case casting shadows will not be possible).

See also alphaCutoff and blendMode.

attenuationColor : color

This property defines the color that white lights turns into due to absorption when reaching the attenuation distance. The default value is `Qt.White`

attenuationDistance : float

This property defines the Density of the medium given as the average distance that light travels in the medium before interacting with a particle. The value is given in world space. The default value is `+infinity`.

baseColor : color

This property sets the base color for the material. Depending on the type of material specified (metal or dielectric) the diffuse and specular channels will be set appropriately. For example, a dielectric material will have a diffuse color equal to the base color, while it's specular color, depending on the specular amount, will have a bright specular color. For metals the diffuse and specular channels will be mixed from the base color and have a dark diffuse channel and a specular channel close to the base color.

See also baseColorMap and alphaMode.

baseColorMap : Texture

This property defines the texture used to set the base color of the material.

See also baseColor and alphaMode.

blendMode : enumeration

This property determines how the colors of the model rendered blends with those behind it.

Constant | Description
--- | ---

`PrincipledMaterial.SourceOver`

Default blend mode. Opaque objects occlude objects behind them. This default mode does not guarantee alpha blending in the rendering pipeline on its own for models that use this material, but rather makes the decision dependent on a number of factors: if the object's and material's total opacity is `1.0`, there is no opacity map in the material, and alphaMode is not set to a value that enforces alpha blending, then the model is treated as opaque, meaning it is rendered with depth testing and depth write enabled, together with other opaque objects, with blending disabled. Otherwise the model is treated as semi-transparent, and is rendered after the opaque objects, together with other semi-transparent objects in a back-to-front order based on their center's distance from the camera, with alpha blending enabled.

`PrincipledMaterial.Screen` | Colors are blended using an inverted multiply, producing a lighter result. This blend mode is order-independent; if you are using semi-opaque objects and experiencing 'popping' as faces or models sort differently, using Screen blending is one way to produce results without popping.
`PrincipledMaterial.Multiply` | Colors are blended using a multiply, producing a darker result. This blend mode is also order-independent.

See also alphaMode and Qt Quick 3D Architecture.

clearcoatAmount : float

This property defines the intensity of the clearcoat layer.

The default value is `0.0`

clearcoatChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the clearcoat amount value from clearcoatMap. The default value is `Material.R`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

clearcoatMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine the intensity of the clearcoat layer. The value ofclearcoatAmount will be multiplied by the value read from this texture.

clearcoatNormalMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine the normal mapping applied to the clearcoat layer.

clearcoatRoughnessAmount : float

This property defines the roughness of the clearcoat layer. The default value is `0.0`

clearcoatRoughnessChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the clearcoat roughness amount from clearcoatRoughnessMap. The default value is `Material.G`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

clearcoatRoughnessMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine the roughness of the clearcoat layer. The value ofclearcoatRoughnessAmount will be multiplied by the value read from this texture.

emissiveFactor : vector3d

This property determines the color of self-illumination for this material. If an emissive map is set, the x, y, and z components are used as factors (multipliers) for the R, G and B channels of the texture, respectively. The default value is (0, 0, 0) and it means no emissive contribution at all.

Note: Setting the lightingMode to DefaultMaterial.NoLighting means emissive Factor does not have an effect on the scene.

emissiveMap : Texture

This property sets a RGB Texture to be used to specify the intensity of the emissive color.

heightAmount : real

This property contains the factor used to modify the values from the heightMap texture. The value should be between 0.0 to 1.0. The default value is 0.0 which means that height displacement will be disabled, even if a height map set.

heightChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the height value from heightMap. The default value is `Material.R`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

heightMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine the height the texture will be displaced when rendered through the use of Parallax Mapping. Values are expected to be linear from 0.0 to 1.0, where 0.0 means no displacement and 1.0 means means maximum displacement.

indexOfRefraction : real

This property defines the index of refraction of the material. The default value of `1.5` will be the ideal value for materials like plastics or glass but other materials like water, asphalt, sapphire, or diamond would require and adjusted value to look more realistic. For realistic materials the indexOfRefraction should usually be between `1.0` and `3.0`

Some examples of common materials' index of refractions are:

Material | Index of Refraction
--- | ---
Air | 1.0
Water | 1.33
Glass | 1.55
Sapphire | 1.76
Diamond | 2.42

Note: No known material in the world have ior much greater than `3.0`.

lighting : enumeration

This property defines which lighting method is used when generating this material.

The default value is `PrincipledMaterial.FragmentLighting`

When using `PrincipledMaterial.FragmentLighting`, diffuse and specular lighting is calculated for each rendered pixel. Certain effects (such as a Fresnel or normal map) require `PrincipledMaterial.FragmentLighting` to work.

When using `PrincipledMaterial.NoLighting` no lighting is calculated. This mode is (predictably) very fast, and is quite effective when image maps are used that you do not need to be shaded by lighting. All other shading properties except baseColor values, alpha values, and vertex colors will be ignored.

Constant | Value
--- | ---
`PrincipledMaterial.NoLighting`
`PrincipledMaterial.FragmentLighting`

lineWidth : real

This property determines the width of the lines rendered, when the geometry is using a primitive type of lines or line strips. The default value is 1.0. This property is not relevant when rendering other types of geometry, such as, triangle meshes.

Warning: Line widths other than 1 may not be suported at run time, depending on the underlying graphics API. When that is the case, the request to change the width is ignored. For example, none of the following can be expected to support wide lines: Direct3D, Metal, OpenGL with core profile contexts.

maxHeightMapSamples : int

This property defines the maximum number of samples used for performing Parallex Occlusion Mapping using the heightMap. The maxHeightMapSamples value is the number of samples of the heightMap are used when looking parallel to a surface. The default value is 32.

The actual number of samples used for each fragment will be between minHeightMapSamples and maxHeightMapSamples depending on the angle of the camera relative to the surface being rendered.

Note: This value should only be adjusted to fine tune materials using a heightMap in the case undesired artifacts are present.

metalness : real

The metalness property defines the metalness of the the material. The value is normalized, where 0.0 means the material is a dielectric (non-metallic) material and a value of 1.0 means the material is a metal.

Note: In principle, materials are either dielectrics with a metalness of 0, or metals with a metalness of 1. Metalness values between 0 and 1 are still allowed and will give a material that is a blend between the different models.

The range is [0.0, 1.0]. The default value is 0.

metalnessChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the metalness value from metalnessMap. The default value is `Material.B`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

metalnessMap : Texture

This property sets a Texture to be used to set the metalness amount for the different parts of the material.

minHeightMapSamples : int

This property defines the minimum number of samples used for performing Parallex Occlusion Mapping using the heightMap. The minHeightMapSamples value is the number of samples of the heightMap are used when looking directly at a surface (when the camera view is perpendicular to the fragment). The default value is 8.

The actual number of samples used for each fragment will be between minHeightMapSamples and maxHeightMapSamples depending on the angle of the camera relative to the surface being rendered.

Note: This value should only be adjusted to fine tune materials using a heightMap in the case undesired artifacts are present.

normalMap : Texture

This property defines an RGB image used to simulate fine geometry displacement across the surface of the material. The RGB channels indicate XYZ normal deviations.

Note: Normal maps will not affect the silhouette of a model.

normalStrength : real

This property controls the amount of simulated displacement for the normalMap.

occlusionAmount : real

This property contains the factor used to modify the values from the occlusionMap texture. The value should be between 0.0 to 1.0. The default is 1.0

occlusionChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the occlusion value from occlusionMap. The default value is `Material.R`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

occlusionMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine how much indirect light the different areas of the material should receive. Values are expected to be linear from 0.0 to 1.0, where 0.0 means no indirect lighting and 1.0 means the effect of the indirect lighting is left unchanged.

See also occlusionAmount.

opacity : real

This property drops the opacity of just this material, separate from the model.

opacityChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the opacity value from opacityMap. The default value is `Material.A`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

opacityMap : Texture

This property defines a Texture used to control the opacity differently for different parts of the material.

pointSize : real

This property determines the size of the points rendered, when the geometry is using a primitive type of points. The default value is 1.0. This property is not relevant when rendering other types of geometry, such as, triangle meshes.

Warning: Point sizes other than 1 may not be supported at run time, depending on the underyling graphics API. For example, setting a size other than 1 has no effect with Direct 3D.

roughness : real

This property controls the size of the specular highlight generated from lights, and the clarity of reflections in general. Larger values increase the roughness, softening specular highlights and blurring reflections. The range is [0.0, 1.0]. The default value is 0.

roughnessChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the roughness value from roughnessMap. The default value is `Material.G`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

roughnessMap : Texture

This property defines a Texture to control the specular roughness of the material.

specularAmount : real

This property controls the strength of specularity (highlights and reflections).

The range is [0.0, 1.0]. The default value is `1.0`.

Note: For non-dielectrics (metals) this property has no effect.

Note: This property does not affect the specularReflectionMap, but does affect the amount of reflections from a scenes SceneEnvironment::lightProbe.

specularMap : Texture

The property defines a RGB Texture to modulate the amount and the color of specularity across the surface of the material. These values are multiplied by the specularAmount.

Note: The specular map will be ignored unless the material is dielectric.

specularReflectionMap : Texture

This property sets a Texture used for specular highlights on the material.

This is typically used to perform environment mapping: as the model is rotated, the map will appear as though it is reflecting from the environment. For this to work as expected, the Texture's mappingMode needs to be set to Texture.Environment. Specular reflection maps are an easy way to add a high-quality look with a relatively low cost.

Note: Associating a light probe with the SceneEnvironment, and thus relying on image-based lighting, can achieve similar environmental reflection effects. Light probes are however a conceptually different, and when it comes to performance, potentially more expensive solution. Each approaches have their own specific uses, and the one to use needs to be decided on a case by case basis. When it comes to the Texture set to the property, specularReflectionMap has an advantage, because it presents no limitations and supports all types of textures, including ones that source their data from a Qt Quick sub-scene via sourceItem.

Note: Crisp images cause your material to look very glossy; the more you blur your image the softer your material will appear.

See also Texture::mappingMode.

specularTint : real

This property defines how much of the base color contributes to the specular reflections.

Note: This property does only apply to dielectric materials.

thicknessChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the thickness amount from transmissionMap. The default value is `Material.G`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

thicknessFactor : float

This property defines the thickness of the volume beneath the surface. Unlike many other properties of PrincipledMaterial, the value in defined in thicknessFactor is a value from 0.0 to +infinity for thickness in the models coordinate space. A value of 0.0 means that the material is thin-walled. The default value is `0.0`

thicknessMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to define the thickness of a material volume. The value of thicknessFactor will be multiplied by the value read from this texture.

transmissionChannel : enumeration

This property defines the texture channel used to read the transmission percentage from transmissionMap. The default value is `Material.R`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`Material.R` | Read value from texture R channel.
`Material.G` | Read value from texture G channel.
`Material.B` | Read value from texture B channel.
`Material.A` | Read value from texture A channel.

transmissionFactor : float

This property defines the percentage of light that is transmitted through the material's surface. The default value is `0.0`

transmissionMap : Texture

This property defines a texture used to determine percentage of light that is transmitted through the surface.. The value of transmissionFactor will be multiplied by the value read from this texture.