# <!-- rdoc-file=error.c -->
# Class Exception and its subclasses are used to communicate between
# Kernel#raise and `rescue` statements in `begin ... end` blocks.
#
# An Exception object carries information about an exception:
# *   Its type (the exception's class).
# *   An optional descriptive message.
# *   Optional backtrace information.
#
#
# Some built-in subclasses of Exception have additional methods: e.g.,
# NameError#name.
#
# ## Defaults
#
# Two Ruby statements have default exception classes:
# *   `raise`: defaults to RuntimeError.
# *   `rescue`: defaults to StandardError.
#
#
# ## Global Variables
#
# When an exception has been raised but not yet handled (in `rescue`, `ensure`,
# `at_exit` and `END` blocks), two global variables are set:
# *   `$!` contains the current exception.
# *   `$@` contains its backtrace.
#
#
# ## Custom Exceptions
#
# To provide additional or alternate information, a program may create custom
# exception classes that derive from the built-in exception classes.
#
# A good practice is for a library to create a single "generic" exception class
# (typically a subclass of StandardError or RuntimeError) and have its other
# exception classes derive from that class. This allows the user to rescue the
# generic exception, thus catching all exceptions the library may raise even if
# future versions of the library add new exception subclasses.
#
# For example:
#
#     class MyLibrary
#       class Error < ::StandardError
#       end
#
#       class WidgetError < Error
#       end
#
#       class FrobError < Error
#       end
#
#     end
#
# To handle both MyLibrary::WidgetError and MyLibrary::FrobError the library
# user can rescue MyLibrary::Error.
#
# ## Built-In Exception Classes
#
# The built-in subclasses of Exception are:
#
# *   NoMemoryError
# *   ScriptError
#     *   LoadError
#     *   NotImplementedError
#     *   SyntaxError
#
# *   SecurityError
# *   SignalException
#     *   Interrupt
#
# *   StandardError
#     *   ArgumentError
#         *   UncaughtThrowError
#
#     *   EncodingError
#     *   FiberError
#     *   IOError
#         *   EOFError
#
#     *   IndexError
#         *   KeyError
#         *   StopIteration
#             *   ClosedQueueError
#
#
#     *   LocalJumpError
#     *   NameError
#         *   NoMethodError
#
#     *   RangeError
#         *   FloatDomainError
#
#     *   RegexpError
#     *   RuntimeError
#         *   FrozenError
#
#     *   SystemCallError
#         *   Errno::*
#
#     *   ThreadError
#     *   TypeError
#     *   ZeroDivisionError
#
# *   SystemExit
# *   SystemStackError
# *   fatal
#
class Exception < Object
  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - Exception.to_tty?   ->  true or false
  # -->
  # Returns `true` if exception messages will be sent to a tty.
  #
  def self.to_tty?: () -> bool

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exc.exception([string])  ->  an_exception or exc
  # -->
  # With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver, return the
  # receiver. Otherwise, create a new exception object of the same class as the
  # receiver, but with a message equal to `string.to_str`.
  #
  def self.exception: (?String msg) -> Exception

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exc == obj   -> true or false
  # -->
  # Equality---If *obj* is not an Exception, returns `false`. Otherwise, returns
  # `true` if *exc* and *obj* share same class, messages, and backtrace.
  #
  def ==: (untyped arg0) -> bool

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.backtrace    -> array or nil
  # -->
  # Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. The backtrace is an array
  # of strings, each containing either ``filename:lineNo: in `method''' or
  # ``filename:lineNo.''
  #
  #     def a
  #       raise "boom"
  #     end
  #
  #     def b
  #       a()
  #     end
  #
  #     begin
  #       b()
  #     rescue => detail
  #       print detail.backtrace.join("\n")
  #     end
  #
  # *produces:*
  #
  #     prog.rb:2:in `a'
  #     prog.rb:6:in `b'
  #     prog.rb:10
  #
  # In the case no backtrace has been set, `nil` is returned
  #
  #     ex = StandardError.new
  #     ex.backtrace
  #     #=> nil
  #
  def backtrace: () -> ::Array[String]?

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.backtrace_locations    -> array or nil
  # -->
  # Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. This method is similar to
  # Exception#backtrace, but the backtrace is an array of
  # Thread::Backtrace::Location.
  #
  # This method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().
  #
  def backtrace_locations: () -> ::Array[Thread::Backtrace::Location]?

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.cause   -> an_exception or nil
  # -->
  # Returns the previous exception ($!) at the time this exception was raised.
  # This is useful for wrapping exceptions and retaining the original exception
  # information.
  #
  def cause: () -> Exception?

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exc.exception([string])  ->  an_exception or exc
  # -->
  # With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver, return the
  # receiver. Otherwise, create a new exception object of the same class as the
  # receiver, but with a message equal to `string.to_str`.
  #
  def exception: () -> self
               | (String arg0) -> Exception

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - Exception.new(msg = nil)        ->  exception
  #   - Exception.exception(msg = nil)  ->  exception
  # -->
  # Construct a new Exception object, optionally passing in a message.
  #
  def initialize: (?String arg0) -> void

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.inspect   -> string
  # -->
  # Return this exception's class name and message.
  #
  def inspect: () -> String

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.message   ->  string
  # -->
  # Returns the result of invoking `exception.to_s`. Normally this returns the
  # exception's message or name.
  #
  def message: () -> String

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exc.set_backtrace(backtrace)   ->  array
  # -->
  # Sets the backtrace information associated with `exc`. The `backtrace` must be
  # an array of String objects or a single String in the format described in
  # Exception#backtrace.
  #
  def set_backtrace: (String | ::Array[String] arg0) -> ::Array[String]
                   | (nil) -> nil

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.to_s   ->  string
  # -->
  # Returns exception's message (or the name of the exception if no message is
  # set).
  #
  def to_s: () -> String

  # <!--
  #   rdoc-file=error.c
  #   - exception.full_message(highlight: bool, order: [:top or :bottom]) ->  string
  # -->
  # Returns formatted string of *exception*. The returned string is formatted
  # using the same format that Ruby uses when printing an uncaught exceptions to
  # stderr.
  #
  # If *highlight* is `true` the default error handler will send the messages to a
  # tty.
  #
  # *order* must be either of `:top` or `:bottom`, and places the error message
  # and the innermost backtrace come at the top or the bottom.
  #
  # The default values of these options depend on `$stderr` and its `tty?` at the
  # timing of a call.
  #
  def full_message: (?highlight: bool, ?order: :top | :bottom) -> String
end
