std::any(3)

NAME
std::any - std::any

Synopsis
   Defined in header <any>
   class any; (since C++17)
   The class any describes a type-safe container for single values of any copy
   constructible type.
   1) An object of class any stores an instance of any type that satisfies the
   constructor requirements or is empty, and this is referred to as the state of the
   class any object. The stored instance is called the contained object. Two states are
   equivalent if they are either both empty or if both are not empty and if the
   contained objects are equivalent.
   2) The non-member any_cast functions provide type-safe access to the contained
   object.
   Implementations are encouraged to avoid dynamic allocations for small objects, but
   such an optimization may only be applied to types for which
   std::is_nothrow_move_constructible returns true.

Member functions
   constructor constructs an any object
                 (public member function)
   operator= assigns an any object
                 (public member function)
   destructor destroys an any object
                 (public member function)

Modifiers
   emplace change the contained object, constructing the new object directly
                 (public member function)
   reset destroys contained object
                 (public member function)
   swap swaps two any objects
                 (public member function)

Observers
   has_value checks if object holds a value
                 (public member function)
   type returns the typeid of the contained value
                 (public member function)

Non-member functions
   std::swap(std::any) specializes the std::swap algorithm
   (C++17) (function)
   any_cast type-safe access to the contained object
   (C++17) (function template)
   make_any creates an any object
   (C++17) (function template)

Helper classes
   bad_any_cast exception thrown by the value-returning forms of any_cast on a type
   (C++17) mismatch
                (class)

Notes
   Feature-test macro: __cpp_lib_any

Example
// Run this code
 #include <any>
 #include <iostream>
 int main()
 {
     std::cout << std::boolalpha;
     // any type
     std::any a = 1;
     std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<int>(a) << '\n';
     a = 3.14;
     std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<double>(a) << '\n';
     a = true;
     std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<bool>(a) << '\n';
     // bad cast
     try
     {
         a = 1;
         std::cout << std::any_cast<float>(a) << '\n';
     }
     catch (const std::bad_any_cast& e)
     {
         std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     // has value
     a = 2;
     if (a.has_value())
     {
         std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<int>(a) << '\n';
     }
     // reset
     a.reset();
     if (!a.has_value())
     {
         std::cout << "no value\n";
     }
     // pointer to contained data
     a = 3;
     int* i = std::any_cast<int>(&a);
     std::cout << *i << "\n";
 }

Possible output:
 int: 1
 double: 3.14
 bool: true
 bad any_cast
 int: 2
 no value
 3

See also
   function wraps callable object of any copy constructible type with
   (C++11) specified function call signature
                      (class template)
   move_only_function wraps callable object of any type with specified function call
   (C++23) signature
                      (class template)
   variant a type-safe discriminated union
   (C++17) (class template)
   optional a wrapper that may or may not hold an object
   (C++17) (class template)