std::rotate(3)

NAME
std::rotate - std::rotate

Synopsis
   Defined in header <algorithm>
   template< class ForwardIt >
   void rotate( ForwardIt first, ForwardIt n_first, ForwardIt (until C++11)
   last );
   template< class ForwardIt > (since C++11)
   ForwardIt rotate( ForwardIt first, ForwardIt n_first, (until C++20)
   ForwardIt last );
   template< class ForwardIt > (1)
   constexpr ForwardIt rotate( ForwardIt first, ForwardIt (since C++20)
   n_first, ForwardIt last );
   template< class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIt >
   ForwardIt rotate( ExecutionPolicy&& policy, (2) (since C++17)
   ForwardIt first, ForwardIt n_first, ForwardIt last );
   1) Performs a left rotation on a range of elements.
   Specifically, std::rotate swaps the elements in the range [first, last) in such a
   way that the element n_first becomes the first element of the new range and n_first
   - 1 becomes the last element.
   A precondition of this function is that [first, n_first) and [n_first, last) are
   valid ranges.
   2) Same as (1), but executed according to policy. This overload does not participate
   in overload resolution unless
   std::is_execution_policy_v<std::decay_t<ExecutionPolicy>>
   (until C++20)
   std::is_execution_policy_v<std::remove_cvref_t<ExecutionPolicy>>
   (since C++20) is true.

Parameters
   first - the beginning of the original range
   n_first - the element that should appear at the beginning of the
                        rotated range
   last - the end of the original range
   policy - the execution policy to use. See execution policy for
                        details.

Type requirements
   -
   ForwardIt must meet the requirements of ValueSwappable and LegacyForwardIterator.
   -
   The type of dereferenced ForwardIt must meet the requirements of MoveAssignable and
   MoveConstructible.

Return value
   (none) (until C++11)
   Iterator to the new location of the element pointed by first. Equal to (since C++11)
   first + (last - n_first)

Complexity
   Linear in the distance between first and last.

Exceptions
   The overload with a template parameter named ExecutionPolicy reports errors as
   follows:
     * If execution of a function invoked as part of the algorithm throws an exception
       and ExecutionPolicy is one of the standard policies, std::terminate is called.
       For any other ExecutionPolicy, the behavior is implementation-defined.
     * If the algorithm fails to allocate memory, std::bad_alloc is thrown.

Notes
   std::rotate has better efficiency on common implementations if ForwardIt statisfies
   LegacyBidirectionalIterator or (better) LegacyRandomAccessIterator.
   Implementations (e.g. MSVC STL) may enable vectorization when the iterator type
   satisfies LegacyContiguousIterator and swapping its value type calls neither
   non-trivial special member function nor ADL-found swap.

Possible implementation
   See also the implementations in libstdc++, libc++, and MSVC STL.
   template<class ForwardIt>
   constexpr // since C++20
   ForwardIt // void until C++11
   rotate(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt n_first, ForwardIt last)
   {
      if(first == n_first) return last;
      if(n_first == last) return first;
      ForwardIt read = n_first;
      ForwardIt write = first;
      ForwardIt next_read = first; // read position for when "read" hits "last"
      while(read != last) {
         if(write == next_read) next_read = read; // track where "first" went
         std::iter_swap(write++, read++);
      }
      // rotate the remaining sequence into place
      (rotate)(write, next_read, last);
      return write;
   }

Example
   std::rotate is a common building block in many algorithms. This example demonstrates
   insertion sort. // Run this code
 #include <vector>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <algorithm>
 auto print = [](auto const& remark, auto const& v) {
     std::cout << remark;
     for (int n: v)
         std::cout << n << ' ';
     std::cout << '\n';
 };
 int main()
 {
     std::vector<int> v{2, 4, 2, 0, 5, 10, 7, 3, 7, 1};
     print("before sort:\t\t", v);
     // insertion sort
     for (auto i = v.begin(); i != v.end(); ++i) {
         std::rotate(std::upper_bound(v.begin(), i, *i), i, i+1);
     }
     print("after sort:\t\t", v);
     // simple rotation to the left
     std::rotate(v.begin(), v.begin() + 1, v.end());
     print("simple rotate left:\t", v);
     // simple rotation to the right
     std::rotate(v.rbegin(), v.rbegin() + 1, v.rend());
     print("simple rotate right:\t", v);
 }

Output:
 before sort: 2 4 2 0 5 10 7 3 7 1
 after sort: 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 10
 simple rotate left: 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 10 0
 simple rotate right: 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 10

See also
   rotate_copy copies and rotate a range of elements
                  (function template)
   ranges::rotate rotates the order of elements in a range
   (C++20) (niebloid)