std::forward(3)

NAME
std::forward - std::forward

Synopsis
   Defined in header <utility>
   template< class T > (since C++11)
   T&& forward( typename std::remove_reference<T>::type& (until C++14)
   t ) noexcept;
   template< class T >
   constexpr T&& forward( std::remove_reference_t<T>& t ) (since C++14)
   noexcept;
   template< class T > (1) (since
   T&& forward( typename std::remove_reference<T>::type&& C++11)
   t ) noexcept; (until
                        (2) C++14)
   template< class T > (since
   constexpr T&& forward( std::remove_reference_t<T>&& t C++14)
   ) noexcept;
   1) Forwards lvalues as either lvalues or as rvalues, depending on T
   When t is a forwarding reference (a function argument that is declared as an rvalue
   reference to a cv-unqualified function template parameter), this overload forwards
   the argument to another function with the value category it had when passed to the
   calling function.
   For example, if used in a wrapper such as the following, the template behaves as
   described below:
 template<class T>
 void wrapper(T&& arg)
 {
     // arg is always lvalue
     foo(std::forward<T>(arg)); // Forward as lvalue or as rvalue, depending on T
 }
     * If a call to wrapper() passes an rvalue std::string, then T is deduced to
       std::string (not std::string&, const std::string&, or std::string&&), and
       std::forward ensures that an rvalue reference is passed to foo.
     * If a call to wrapper() passes a const lvalue std::string, then T is deduced to
       const std::string&, and std::forward ensures that a const lvalue reference is
       passed to foo.
     * If a call to wrapper() passes a non-const lvalue std::string, then T is deduced
       to std::string&, and std::forward ensures that a non-const lvalue reference is
       passed to foo.
   2) Forwards rvalues as rvalues and prohibits forwarding of rvalues as lvalues
   This overload makes it possible to forward a result of an expression (such as
   function call), which may be rvalue or lvalue, as the original value category of a
   forwarding reference argument.
   For example, if a wrapper does not just forward its argument, but calls a member
   function on the argument, and forwards its result:
 // transforming wrapper
 template<class T>
 void wrapper(T&& arg)
 {
     foo(forward<decltype(forward<T>(arg).get())>(forward<T>(arg).get()));
 }
   where the type of arg may be
 struct Arg
 {
     int i = 1;
     int get() && { return i; } // call to this overload is rvalue
     int& get() & { return i; } // call to this overload is lvalue
 };
   Attempting to forward an rvalue as an lvalue, such as by instantiating the form (2)
   with lvalue reference type T, is a compile-time error.

Notes
   See template argument deduction for the special rules behind forwarding references
   (T&& used as a function parameter) and forwarding references for other detail.

Parameters
   t - the object to be forwarded

Return value
   static_cast<T&&>(t)

Complexity
   Constant

Example
   This example demonstrates perfect forwarding of the parameter(s) to the argument of
   the constructor of class T. Also, perfect forwarding of parameter packs is
   demonstrated. // Run this code
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 struct A {
     A(int&& n) { std::cout << "rvalue overload, n=" << n << "\n"; }
     A(int& n) { std::cout << "lvalue overload, n=" << n << "\n"; }
 };
 class B {
 public:
     template<class T1, class T2, class T3>
     B(T1&& t1, T2&& t2, T3&& t3) :
         a1_{std::forward<T1>(t1)},
         a2_{std::forward<T2>(t2)},
         a3_{std::forward<T3>(t3)}
     {
     }
 private:
     A a1_, a2_, a3_;
 };
 template<class T, class U>
 std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique1(U&& u)
 {
     return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<U>(u)));
 }
 template<class T, class... U>
 std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique2(U&&... u)
 {
     return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<U>(u)...));
 }
 int main()
 {
     auto p1 = make_unique1<A>(2); // rvalue
     int i = 1;
     auto p2 = make_unique1<A>(i); // lvalue
     std::cout << "B\n";
     auto t = make_unique2<B>(2, i, 3);
 }

Output:
 rvalue overload, n=2
 lvalue overload, n=1
 B
 rvalue overload, n=2
 lvalue overload, n=1
 rvalue overload, n=3

See also
   move obtains an rvalue reference
   (C++11) (function template)
   move_if_noexcept obtains an rvalue reference if the move constructor does not throw
   (C++11) (function template)